Distance-based clustering methods categorize samples by optimizing a global criterion, finding ellipsoid clusters with roughly equal sizes. In contrast, density-based clustering techniques form clusters with arbitrary shapes and sizes by optimizing a local criterion. Most of these methods have several hyper-parameters, and their performance is highly dependent on the hyper-parameter setup. Recently, a Gaussian Density Distance (GDD) approach was proposed to optimize local criteria in terms of Distance and density properties of samples. GDD can find clusters with different shapes and sizes without any free parameters. However, it may fail to discover the appropriate clusters due to the interfering of clustered samples in estimating the density and Distance properties of remaining unclustered samples. Here, we introduce Adaptive GDD (AGDD), which eliminates the inappropriate effect of clustered samples by adaptively updating the parameters during clustering. It is stable and can identify clusters with various shapes, sizes, and densities without adding extra parameters. The Distance metrics calculating the dissimilarity between samples can affect the clustering performance. The effect of different Distance measurements is also analyzed on the method. The experimental results conducted on several well-known datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed AGDD method compared to the other well-known clustering methods.

Introduction and Objective: The study of genetic diversity with the help of molecular markers is the main precondition and an important step in the improvement of vegetable plants, including tomato and is the basis for the effective use of heterosis and the protection of genetic pools. Several studies have been conducted using molecular markers between different tomato lines, but there is little studies in Iran. Based on this, the present study intends to estimate the genetic Distance between a numbers of tomato lines using ISSR molecular markers. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 12 tomato lines were investigated using microsatellite primers (ISSR) at Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed by ISSR primers and PCR products fractioned on 1.5% using agarose gel electrophoresis then the bands were analysed. Results: The primers used showed acceptable polymorphism (85.28) and suitable score able banding patterns. The highest and lowest polymorphism information content (PIC) with values of 0.40 and 0.22 were related to ISSR2 and ISSR10 primers, respectively. The ISSR2 primer was more efficient than other primers in identifying and classifying the studied lines. The degree of genetic similarity varied from 0.23 to 0.95 between the studied lines and lines Fanal and Harlekyn had the most similarity and lines CP with Bibor and after that SP with Bibor showed greatest genetic Distances. Results of cluster analysis and evaluation of quantitative characterestics of studied lines showed that genotypes 4, 5, 6 and 8 placed in first group had better yield and earliness comparing other genotypes. Conclusion: lines CP, SP and Bibor had a great genetic Distance from each other and hybridization between CP and SP with Bibor as well as utilizing of selected genotypes in first group is recommended for next breeding programs in tomato. The ISSR2 primer has useful information in distinguishing the studied lines than other primers and its useful in breeding programs of tomato.

In this paper, we give some Distance formulas for 3-dimensional maximum space. We study in 3-dimensional analytical space furnishing with maximum metric, and in this space we give Distance formulas between a point and a line, a point and a plane and between two lines in terms of maximum metric.

Background: Gossypol is a yellow toxic pigment from the cottonseed that can cause acute or chronic toxicity in humans and animals by affecting the testicular tissues. Nowadays cottonseed is used as food supplement for ruminants specially the sheep. In this study, two different stem cell lines of testicular tissue including GC1-spg (mouse testis) and SFTF-PI43 (sheep testis) cells were used to evaluation of gossypol cytotoxicity.Methods: The GC-1spg and the SFTF_PI43 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with fetal bovine serum (10%) and antibiotic (penicillin 105/ml, streptomycin100μg/ml), and then 5×104 cells/well were seeded in 24 well plates. Cultured cells were exposed to four different concentrations of gossypol (1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10μM). After 24 h incubation, cells viability test was performed using Trypan Blue dye exclusion and MTT assay. The Thiobarbituric Acid Reacting Substances (TBARS) and Ferric Reducing Activity Potential (FRAP) assays was performed on media.Result: In high concentrations (over than 2.5mM), Gossypol showed cytotoxic effects on cells. The IC50 for gossypol (using MTT assays) on SFTF-PI43 and GC-1spg cell lines was 2.2 mM and 3.2 mM, respectively. While the results for FRAP assay did not show any significant differences between the test and control groups, significantly higher lipid peroxidation was observed in SFTF-PI43 cells that were treated with higher doses of gossypol (10mM).Conclusion: In this research, we found that gossypol has cytotoxic effects on both examined testicular cell lines and increased lipid peroxidation, which is a probable mechanism of its toxicity on cell lines.  

Exact c lassif ication of parental lines between hetrotic groups is necessary for improvement of hybrid rice breeding program s because it can help breeder s in parental selection and predict ion of F 1 hybrids yield. In this research, genetic Distance of 18 parental and 40 male steril e line s were evaluated based on morpholog ical, floral and palynolog ical traits. Cluster analysis indicated that Neda male sterile lines were pla c ed in first sub group and also Nemat male sterile lines were in second sub group of the first group Dasht A ( D asht × IR68899A), Khazar A, Hasani A, Gerde A, Sang T arom A, Shastak M ohammadi A and their maintainer l ines were in one separate group. Therefore, these lines had high purity after seven th backcross. The r esult s of this research can be used for select ion of suitable CMS lines used in breeding projects of hybrid rice to find high performance progenies.

Background and Objectives: With the ever-increasing growth of electric loads, the need for generating electric power grows correspondingly. By considering the limitations of power generation, utilizing novel technologies has gained persistent momentum, one of which is deploying Phase-Shifting Transformers (PSTs). Among the more important available relays for the transmission lines are Distance Relays. To this end, Distance Relays measure the voltage and current of the transmission line in its final installation location. On the other hand, the existence of Phase-Shifting Transformers on transmission lines alters the voltage and current signals at the relay location. This issue causes the impedance calculated by the relay to differ from its actual value at the fault location. As a result, the relay detects the fault location falsely, or in some cases does not recognize it at all. Methods: The effect of phase shifting transformer on the relay performance of the Distances has been investigated in this study. Furthermore, the digital Distance relays are modeled in a software environment and its validity is investigated through analytical relationships. Next, the efficacy of the transformer on Distance protection is analytically studied. Finally, a new method has been proposed to improve Distance relay performance. Results: Results from analysis and modelling shows that the effect of phase shifting transformers in relay-computed impedance has two faces, the first of which is related to the internal impedance of the transformer, while the other regards the serial voltage of the transformer. The latter face is much more influential than the former one. Conclusion: This fact renders the mere inner Impedance of phase-shifting transformer insufficient for using it to eliminate its effect. To this end, a method has been developed in which the voltages of both ends of the phase shifting transformer are measured by the PMUs and then sent to the facility for protecting power system after synchronization. There, this voltage is reduced from the voltage calculated by the relay, which renders the effect of the phase shifting transformer in the impedance calculated by the relay completely eliminated.

The identification of parental inbred lines to develop superior hybrids is a rather costly and time-consuming step in maize breeding. In some cases, pedigree information has been used to select diverse parental lines. In the case of Iranian maize inbred lines, this information is not fully available. In this study we investigated the genetic Distance (GD) based on Simple sequence Repeats (SSR) markers between pairs of five maize testers and 28 inbred lines and assessed the relationship between GD and F1 hybrid performance, specific combining ability (SCA) and midparent heterosis (MPH). One hundred and forty testcrosses were evaluated for grain yield in 2003, 2004 and 2005 at two locations, Karaj and Gorgan (only 2004), Iran. Significant positive but low correlations were found between GD and F1 performance, SCA and MPH (0.27**, 0.39** and 0.28**, respectively). Testers affected the magnitude of correlations, with relatively high values revealed in the Mo17 crosses (0.54**, 0.61** and 0.61** for F1, SCA and MPH, respectively) and lowest values in the B73 crosses. Although GD between parents correlated significantly with hybrid performance, the estimates of GD did not  consistently identify the best crosses.